Binary String Functions and Operators

This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating binary strings, that is values of type bytea. Many of these are equivalent, in purpose and syntax, to the text-string functions described in the previous section.

SQL defines some string functions that use key words, rather than commas, to separate arguments. Details are in Table 8.11. Tacnode also provides versions of these functions that use the regular function invocation syntax (see Table 8.12).

Table SQL Binary String Functions and Operators

Function/Operator Description Example(s)

Function/Operator Description Example(s)
`bytea` `\|\|` `bytea` → `bytea` Concatenates the two binary strings. `'\x123456'::bytea \|\| '\x789a00bcde'::bytea` → `\x123456789a00bcde`
`bit_length` ( `bytea` ) → `integer` Returns number of bits in the binary string (8 times the `octet_length`). `bit_length('\x123456'::bytea)` → `24`
`octet_length` ( `bytea` ) → `integer` Returns number of bytes in the binary string. `octet_length('\x123456'::bytea)` → `3`
`overlay` ( `bytes` `bytea` `PLACING` `newsubstring` `bytea` `FROM` `start` `integer` [ `FOR` `count` `integer` ] ) → `bytea` Replaces the substring of `bytes` that starts at the `start`'th byte and extends for `count` bytes with `newsubstring`. If `count` is omitted, it defaults to the length of `newsubstring`. `overlay('\x1234567890'::bytea placing '\002\003'::bytea from 2 for 3)` → `\x12020390`
`position` ( `substring` `bytea` `IN` `bytes` `bytea` ) → `integer` Returns first starting index of the specified `substring` within `bytes`, or zero if it's not present. `position('\x5678'::bytea in '\x1234567890'::bytea)` → `3`
`substring` ( `bytes` `bytea` [ `FROM` `start` `integer` ] [ `FOR` `count` `integer` ] ) → `bytea` Extracts the substring of `bytes` starting at the `start`'th byte if that is specified, and stopping after `count` bytes if that is specified. Provide at least one of `start` and `count`. `substring('\x1234567890'::bytea from 3 for 2)` → `\x5678`
`trim` ( [ `LEADING` \| `TRAILING` \| `BOTH` ] `bytesremoved` `bytea` `FROM` `bytes` `bytea` ) → `bytea` Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in `bytesremoved` from the start, end, or both ends (`BOTH` is the default) of `bytes`. `trim('\x9012'::bytea from '\x1234567890'::bytea)` → `\x345678`
`trim` ( [ `LEADING` \| `TRAILING` \| `BOTH` ] [ `FROM` ] `bytes` `bytea`, `bytesremoved` `bytea` ) → `bytea` This is a non-standard syntax for `trim()`. `trim(both from '\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea)` → `\x345678`

bytea || bytea → bytea

Concatenates the two binary strings.

'\x123456'::bytea || '\x789a00bcde'::bytea → \x123456789a00bcde

bit_length ( bytea ) → integer

Returns number of bits in the binary string (8 times the octet_length).

bit_length('\x123456'::bytea) → 24

octet_length ( bytea ) → integer

Returns number of bytes in the binary string.

octet_length('\x123456'::bytea) → 3

overlay ( bytes bytea PLACING newsubstring bytea FROM start integer [ FOR count integer ] ) → bytea

Replaces the substring of bytes that starts at the start'th byte and extends for count bytes with newsubstring. If count is omitted, it defaults to the length of newsubstring.

overlay('\x1234567890'::bytea placing '\002\003'::bytea from 2 for 3) → \x12020390

position ( substring bytea IN bytes bytea ) → integer

Returns first starting index of the specified substring within bytes, or zero if it's not present.

position('\x5678'::bytea in '\x1234567890'::bytea) → 3

substring ( bytes bytea [ FROM start integer ] [ FOR count integer ] ) → bytea

Extracts the substring of bytes starting at the start'th byte if that is specified, and stopping after count bytes if that is specified. Provide at least one of start and count.

substring('\x1234567890'::bytea from 3 for 2) → \x5678

trim ( [ LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH ] bytesremoved bytea FROM bytes bytea ) → bytea

Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in bytesremoved from the start, end, or both ends (BOTH is the default) of bytes.

trim('\x9012'::bytea from '\x1234567890'::bytea) → \x345678

trim ( [ LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH ] [ FROM ] bytes bytea, bytesremoved bytea ) → bytea

This is a non-standard syntax for trim().

trim(both from '\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea) → \x345678

Additional binary string manipulation functions are available and are listed in Table 8.12. Some of them are used internally to implement the SQL-standard string functions listed in Table 8.11.

Table Other Binary String Functions

Function Description Example(s)

Function Description Example(s)
`bit_count` ( `bytes` `bytea` ) → `bigint` Returns the number of bits set in the binary string (also known as “popcount”). `bit_count('\x1234567890'::bytea)` → `15`
`btrim` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `bytesremoved` `bytea` ) → `bytea` Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in `bytesremoved` from the start and end of `bytes`. `btrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea)` → `\x345678`
`get_bit` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `n` `bigint` ) → `integer` Extracts n'th bit from binary string. `get_bit('\x1234567890'::bytea, 30)` → `1`
`get_byte` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `n` `integer` ) → `integer` Extracts n'th byte from binary string. `get_byte('\x1234567890'::bytea, 4)` → `144`
`length` ( `bytea` ) → `integer` Returns the number of bytes in the binary string. `length('\x1234567890'::bytea)` → `5`
`length` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `encoding` `name` ) → `integer` Returns the number of characters in the binary string, assuming that it is text in the given `encoding`. `length('jose'::bytea, 'UTF8')` → `4`
`ltrim` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `bytesremoved` `bytea` ) → `bytea` Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in `bytesremoved` from the start of `bytes`. `ltrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea)` → `\x34567890`
`md5` ( `bytea` ) → `text` Computes the MD5 hash of the binary string, with the result written in hexadecimal. `md5('Th\000omas'::bytea)` → `8ab2d3c9689aaf18b4958c334c82d8b1`
`rtrim` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `bytesremoved` `bytea` ) → `bytea` Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in `bytesremoved` from the end of `bytes`. `rtrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea)` → `\x12345678`
`set_bit` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `n` `bigint`, `newvalue` `integer` ) → `bytea` Sets n'th bit in binary string to `newvalue`. `set_bit('\x1234567890'::bytea, 30, 0)` → `\x1234563890`
`set_byte` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `n` `integer`, `newvalue` `integer` ) → `bytea` Sets n'th byte in binary string to `newvalue`. `set_byte('\x1234567890'::bytea, 4, 64)` → `\x1234567840`
`sha224` ( `bytea` ) → `bytea` Computes the SHA-224 hash of the binary string. `sha224('abc'::bytea)` → `\x23097d223405d8228642a477bda255b32aadbce4bda0b3f7e36c9da7`
`sha256` ( `bytea` ) → `bytea` Computes the SHA-256 hash of the binary string. `sha256('abc'::bytea)` → `\xba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad`
`sha384` ( `bytea` ) → `bytea` Computes the SHA-384 hash of the binary string. `sha384('abc'::bytea)` → `\xcb00753f45a35e8bb5a03d699ac65007272c32ab0eded1631a8b605a43ff5bed8086072ba1e7cc2358baeca134c825a7`
`sha512` ( `bytea` ) → `bytea` Computes the SHA-512 hash of the binary string. `sha512('abc'::bytea)` → `\xddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f`
`substr` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `start` `integer` [, `count` `integer` ] ) → `bytea` Extracts the substring of `bytes` starting at the `start`'th byte, and extending for `count` bytes if that is specified. (Same as substring(`bytes` from `start` for `count`).) `substr('\x1234567890'::bytea, 3, 2)` → `\x5678`

bit_count ( bytes bytea ) → bigint

Returns the number of bits set in the binary string (also known as “popcount”).

bit_count('\x1234567890'::bytea) → 15

btrim ( bytes bytea, bytesremoved bytea ) → bytea

Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in bytesremoved from the start and end of bytes.

btrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea) → \x345678

get_bit ( bytes bytea, n bigint ) → integer

Extracts n'th bit from binary string.

get_bit('\x1234567890'::bytea, 30) → 1

get_byte ( bytes bytea, n integer ) → integer

Extracts n'th byte from binary string.

get_byte('\x1234567890'::bytea, 4) → 144

length ( bytea ) → integer

Returns the number of bytes in the binary string.

length('\x1234567890'::bytea) → 5

length ( bytes bytea, encoding name ) → integer

Returns the number of characters in the binary string, assuming that it is text in the given encoding.

length('jose'::bytea, 'UTF8') → 4

ltrim ( bytes bytea, bytesremoved bytea ) → bytea

Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in bytesremoved from the start of bytes.

ltrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea) → \x34567890

md5 ( bytea ) → text

Computes the MD5 hash of the binary string, with the result written in hexadecimal.

md5('Th\000omas'::bytea) → 8ab2d3c9689aaf18b4958c334c82d8b1

rtrim ( bytes bytea, bytesremoved bytea ) → bytea

Removes the longest string containing only bytes appearing in bytesremoved from the end of bytes.

rtrim('\x1234567890'::bytea, '\x9012'::bytea) → \x12345678

set_bit ( bytes bytea, n bigint, newvalue integer ) → bytea

Sets n'th bit in binary string to newvalue.

set_bit('\x1234567890'::bytea, 30, 0) → \x1234563890

set_byte ( bytes bytea, n integer, newvalue integer ) → bytea

Sets n'th byte in binary string to newvalue.

set_byte('\x1234567890'::bytea, 4, 64) → \x1234567840

sha224 ( bytea ) → bytea

Computes the SHA-224 hash of the binary string.

sha224('abc'::bytea) → \x23097d223405d8228642a477bda255b32aadbce4bda0b3f7e36c9da7

sha256 ( bytea ) → bytea

Computes the SHA-256 hash of the binary string.

sha256('abc'::bytea) → \xba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad

sha384 ( bytea ) → bytea

Computes the SHA-384 hash of the binary string.

sha384('abc'::bytea) → \xcb00753f45a35e8bb5a03d699ac65007272c32ab0eded1631a8b605a43ff5bed8086072ba1e7cc2358baeca134c825a7

sha512 ( bytea ) → bytea

Computes the SHA-512 hash of the binary string.

sha512('abc'::bytea) → \xddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f

substr ( bytes bytea, start integer [, count integer ] ) → bytea

Extracts the substring of bytes starting at the start'th byte, and extending for count bytes if that is specified. (Same as substring(`bytes` from `start` for `count`).)

substr('\x1234567890'::bytea, 3, 2) → \x5678

Functions get_byte and set_byte number the first byte of a binary string as byte Functions get_bit and set_bit number bits from the right within each byte; for example bit 0 is the least significant bit of the first byte, and bit 15 is the most significant bit of the second byte.

For historical reasons, the function md5 returns a hex-encoded value of type text whereas the SHA-2 functions return type bytea. Use the functions encode and decode to convert between the two. For example write encode(sha256('abc'), 'hex') to get a hex-encoded text representation, or decode(md5('abc'), 'hex') to get a bytea value.

Functions for converting strings between different character sets (encodings), and for representing arbitrary binary data in textual form, are shown in Table 8.13. For these functions, an argument or result of type text is expressed in the database's default encoding, while arguments or results of type bytea are in an encoding named by another argument.

Table Text/Binary String Conversion Functions

Function Description Example(s)

Function Description Example(s)
`convert` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `src_encoding` `name`, `dest_encoding` `name` ) → `bytea` Converts a binary string representing text in encoding `src_encoding` to a binary string in encoding `dest_encoding` `convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1')` → `\x746578745f696e5f75746638`
`convert_from` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `src_encoding` `name` ) → `text` Converts a binary string representing text in encoding `src_encoding` to `text` in the database encoding `convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8')` → `text_in_utf8`
`convert_to` ( `string` `text`, `dest_encoding` `name` ) → `bytea` Converts a `text` string (in the database encoding) to a binary string encoded in encoding `dest_encoding` `convert_to('some_text', 'UTF8')` → `\x736f6d655f74657874`
`encode` ( `bytes` `bytea`, `format` `text` ) → `text` Encodes binary data into a textual representation; supported `format` values are: base64, escape, hex. `encode('123\000\001', 'base64')` → `MTIzAAE=`
`decode` ( `string` `text`, `format` `text` ) → `bytea` Decodes binary data from a textual representation; supported `format` values are the same as for `encode`. `decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')` → `\x3132330001`

convert ( bytes bytea, src_encoding name, dest_encoding name ) → bytea

Converts a binary string representing text in encoding src_encoding to a binary string in encoding dest_encoding

convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1') → \x746578745f696e5f75746638

convert_from ( bytes bytea, src_encoding name ) → text

Converts a binary string representing text in encoding src_encoding to text in the database encoding

convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8') → text_in_utf8

convert_to ( string text, dest_encoding name ) → bytea

Converts a text string (in the database encoding) to a binary string encoded in encoding dest_encoding

convert_to('some_text', 'UTF8') → \x736f6d655f74657874

encode ( bytes bytea, format text ) → text

Encodes binary data into a textual representation; supported format values are: base64, escape, hex.

encode('123\000\001', 'base64') → MTIzAAE=

decode ( string text, format text ) → bytea

Decodes binary data from a textual representation; supported format values are the same as for encode.

decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64') → \x3132330001

The encode and decode functions support the following textual formats:

base64: The base64 format is that of RFC 2045 Section 6.8. As per the RFC, encoded lines are broken at 76 characters. However instead of the MIME CRLF end-of-line marker, only a newline is used for end-of-line. The decode function ignores carriage-return, newline, space, and tab characters. Otherwise, an error is raised when decode is supplied invalid base64 data — including when trailing padding is incorrect.
escape: The escape format converts zero bytes and bytes with the high bit set into octal escape sequences (\``nnn), and it doubles backslashes. Other byte values are represented literally. The decode function will raise an error if a backslash is not followed by either a second backslash or three octal digits; it accepts other byte values unchanged.
hex: The hex format represents each 4 bits of data as one hexadecimal digit, 0 through f, writing the higher-order digit of each byte first. The encode function outputs the a-f hex digits in lower case. Because the smallest unit of data is 8 bits, there are always an even number of characters returned by encode. The decode function accepts the a-f characters in either upper or lower case. An error is raised when decode is given invalid hex data — including when given an odd number of characters.

See also the aggregate function string_agg in Section 8.17 and the large object functions in "lo-funcs".

Binary String Functions and Operators

Binary String Functions and Operators

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